The primary function of human heart is to pump blood into the arteries that carries oxygen and nutrients to all the tissues of the body. The heart is located in the center of the chest with its apex toward the left. It is the hardest working muscle in the body as it beats non-stop. If we want to understand how the heart performs its vital role, we will first have to look at its structure, i.e., cardiac anatomy.
The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers and an equal number of valves. The two chambers at the top of the heart are known as the atria, a right and a left. The two bottom chambers are the ventricles. The atria receive blood that returns from the different parts of the body, while the ventricles pump that blood back to all body tissues. Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves. There are two: the tricuspid on the right and the mitral on the left. Valves at the ventricular outlets are called semilunar valves. The two semilunar valves are the pulmonary and the aortic.
The heart wall consists of three layers: the outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium. The epicardium and endocardium are thin layers. The myocardium forms the main bulk of the heart and is made up of cardiac muscle fibers. The outermost layer that surrounds the entire heart is called the pericardium. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body are called arteries, while those that bring it back are called veins. The largest artery is named the aorta. It arises from the left ventricle.
The heart has an electrical system that originates and transmits cardiac impulses that cause the heart to beat. The system is made up of nodes and conducting fibers. If a person were to close their fist, slightly open it, and close it again, in rhythmic motion, this would be a simplistic display of the beating heart. The human heart is close to the human fist in size. It weighs around 8 to 10 ounces.
The events that take place in the heart between successive heartbeats constitute the cardiac cycle. Such events include the opening and closing of valves and contraction and relaxation of chambers. The cardiac cycle is split into two phases: systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and push blood into the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and receive blood from the atria.
People put their hands over their hearts during the Pledge of Allegiance and engage in aerobic exercises as they understand the importance of this vital organ, but many are unfamiliar with its structure. The following are some resources on cardiac anatomy:
- Atlas of human cardiac anatomy: This University of Minnesota sponsored site features an interactive atlas of the heart. It provides a detailed description of the atria, ventricles, aorta, and other parts of the human heart.
- National heart, lung and blood institute: This website offers a lot of varied information about the human heart and circulatory system.
- The heart: A virtual tour: The site offers a virtual walk-through of the entire heart.
- Structure of the heart: This article introduces heart structure and describes some related terms.
- Fun heart facts for kids: Science Kids offers straightforward and informative facts about the human heart.
- Cardiac cycle: This article discusses the two phases of the cardiac cycle, diastole and systole, and explains what happens at every step.
- Circulatory systems: This well-illustrated report features in-depth information on the mammalian heart and circulatory system.
See also our page on heart abnormalities for more information on how the heart works. For getting certified, check our 100% online and accredited ACLS course.
This page was written by
Linda Ikwuagwu on Mar 12, 2016.
This page was last reviewed and updated by
Lorraine Anne Liu, RN on Jun 7, 2020.