Acute bronchitis

Last reviewed: April 6, 2024

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the respiratory tubes, which are known as bronchi. This inflammation causes increased mucus production and various other alterations in the airways. Bronchitis comes in several types, with acute and chronic being the most common. Acute bronchitis typically resolves in less than three weeks, whereas chronic bronchitis can persist for an extended period. Individuals who smoke are at a higher risk of developing bronchitis.

Causes

Acute bronchitis commonly stems from viral infections, often associated with colds or the flu. Additionally, bacterial infections or exposure to various physical or chemical agents, frequently inhaled, can trigger bronchitis. These agents may include dust, potent fumes, and allergens, with chemical cleaning compounds and tobacco smoke also posing risks.

It can manifest following a common cold or other viral infections affecting the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, individuals with chronic sinusitis, allergies, or enlarged tonsils and adenoids are prone to bronchitis. In those with underlying lung or heart conditions, bronchitis can escalate into a serious ailment. Left untreated, bronchitis can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute bronchitis can vary from person to person, but the following are typically the most common:

  • Production of sputum (mucus made in lungs), which can be clear, green, yellowish-gray, or white in color. At times it may be streaked with blood.
  • Cough i.e., first dry (non-productive), later a lot of mucus is produced
  • Back and muscle pain
  • Chills
  • Chest soreness
  • Headache
  • Runny nose
  • Feeling tired and achy
  • Slight fever
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sore throat
  • Wheezing
  • Watery eyes

Risk factors

Several factors can elevate the risk of bronchitis:

  • Low resistance: Older adults, infants, and young children are more susceptible to infections, which can also be exacerbated by other acute illnesses like colds or chronic conditions impacting the immune system.

  • Cigarette smoke: Individuals who smoke or are frequently exposed to secondhand smoke face an increased risk of both acute and chronic bronchitis.

  • Gastric reflux: Chronic heartburn episodes can irritate the throat, heightening vulnerability to bronchitis.

  • Occupational exposure to irritants: Those working in environments with lung irritants such as textiles, grains, or chemical fumes are at a heightened risk of developing bronchitis.

Diagnosis

A doctor typically diagnoses acute bronchitis through a physical examination and medical history review. Additional tests may be conducted to rule out other conditions such as asthma or pneumonia. The following tests aid in ensuring an accurate diagnosis:

  • Chest X-rays: This imaging test uses radiation beams to generate images of bones, internal tissues, lungs, and other organs.

  • Arterial blood gas: This blood test determines the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

  • Pulse oximetry: A small device called an oximeter measures oxygen levels in the blood by placing a sensor on a patient’s finger, toe, or forehead. The process is painless, and a red light indicates the measurement without generating heat.

  • Cultures of nasal discharge and sputum: Samples of sputum coughed up or swabs from the nose are examined to identify the microorganism causing the infection.

  • Pulmonary function tests: These tests assess lung function by measuring the ability to inhale and exhale air using specialized machines.

Treatment

Acute bronchitis typically presents as a mild condition with few complications. Symptoms tend to subside on their own as the lungs regain normal function.

Antibiotics are generally unnecessary for treating acute bronchitis since viral infections are the primary cause, and antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. However, if the condition advances to pneumonia, antibiotics may be prescribed.

Treatment for symptom management may involve:

  • Avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Cough medicine
  • Humidifying the air
  • Increased fluid intake
  • Pain relievers and fever reducers
  • Quitting smoking
  • Avoid antihistamines as they dry up the secretions and can worsen the cough

Prevention

Acute bronchitis can be prevented by taking the following safety precautions:

  • Hand washing
  • Get vaccinated as recommended by your health physician, such as the flu vaccine
  • Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke
  • Remember to cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough

Things that help

Here are some strategies to help alleviate symptoms while combatting bronchitis:

  • Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids.
  • Ensure you get ample rest.
  • Use saline nasal drops or sprays to relieve nasal congestion.
  • Employ a clean humidifier to moisten the air.
  • Clear mucus in young children with a rubber suction bulb.
  • Inhale steam from a container of hot water while showering.
  • Soothe your throat with lozenges; however, avoid giving them to children under four years old.
  • Adults and children aged one year or older can use honey to alleviate cough.
  • Consult your pharmacist or doctor for advice on over-the-counter medications that may provide relief. Follow the instructions carefully, as these medicines offer temporary relief but are not a cure for the illness.

Works cited

This page was last reviewed and updated by on Apr 6, 2024.

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